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History of facebook

Main articles: History of Facebook and Timeline of Facebook

Mark Zuckerberg co-created Facebook in his Harvard dorm room.

Mark Zuckerberg wrote Facemash, the predecessor to Facebook, on October 28, 2003, while attending Harvard as a sophomore. According to The Harvard Crimson, the site was comparable to Hot or Not, and "used photos compiled from the online facebooks of nine houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the 'hotter' person".

To accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into the protected areas of Harvard's computer network and copied the houses' private dormitory ID images. Harvard at that time did not have a student "facebook" (a directory with photos and basic information). Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online.

The site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, and violating individual privacy, and faced expulsion. Ultimately, however, the charges were dropped Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final, by uploading 500 Augustan images to a Web site, with one image per page along with a comment section He opened the site up to his classmates, and people started sharing their notes.

The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new Web site in January 2004. He was inspired, he said, by an editorial in The Harvard Crimson about the Facemash incident On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched "Thefacebook", originally located at thefacebook.com.

Six days after the site launched, three Harvard seniors, Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra, accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing he would help them build a social network called HarvardConnection.com, while he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to the Harvard Crimson, and the newspaper began an investigation. The three later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling

Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, and within the first month, more than half the undergraduate population at Harvard was registered on the service. Eduardo Saverin (business aspects), Dustin Moskovitz (programmer), Andrew McCollum (graphic artist), and Chris Hughes soon joined Zuckerberg to help promote the Web site. In March 2004, Facebook expanded to Stanford, Columbia, and Yale. It soon opened to the other Ivy League schools, Boston University, New York University, MIT, and gradually most universities in Canada and the United States.

Facebook incorporated in the summer of 2004, and the entrepreneur Sean Parker, who had been informally advising Zuckerberg, became the company's president.In June 2004, Facebook moved its base of operations to Palo Alto, California.It received its first investment later that month from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel.The company dropped The from its name after purchasing the domain name facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000.

Total active users
Date	Users (in millions)	Days later	Monthly growth[
August 26, 2008	100	1,665	178.38%
April 8, 2009	200	225	13.33%
September 15, 2009	300	160	9.38%
February 5, 2010	400	143	6.99%
July 21, 2010	500	166	4.52%
January 5, 2011	600	168	3.57%
May 30, 2011	700	145	3.45%
September 22, 2011	800	115	3.73%

Facebook launched a high-school version in September 2005, which Zuckerberg called the next logical step. At that time, high-school networks required an invitation to join^]Facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies, including Apple Inc. and Microsoft.  Facebook was then opened on September 26, 2006, to everyone of age 13 and older with a valid email address.

On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion. Microsoft's purchase included rights to place international ads on Facebook. In October 2008, Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland. In September 2009, Facebook said that it had turned cash-flow positive for the first time. In November 2010, based on SecondMarket Inc., an exchange for shares of privately held companies, Facebook's value was $41 billion (slightly surpassing eBay's) and it became the third largest U.S. Web company after Google and Amazon. Facebook has been identified as a possible candidate for an IPO by 2013.

Traffic to Facebook increased steadily after 2009. More people visited Facebook than Google for the week ending March 13, 2010.

In March 2011 it was reported that Facebook removes approximately 20,000 profiles from the site every day for various infractions, including spam, inappropriate content and underage use, as part of its efforts to boost cyber security.

In early 2011, Facebook announced plans to move to its new headquarters, the former Sun Microsystems campus in Menlo Park, California.

Release of statistics by DoubleClick showed that Facebook reached one trillion pageviews in the month of June 2011, making it the most visited Web site in the world. It should however be noted that Google and some of its selected Web sites are not counted in the DoubleClick rankings.

Climate Change - Health and Environmental Effects

7 rules you need to break - relationship

These relationship secrets go against conventional wisdom, but “Cosmo” believes in shaking things up. Colleen Rush shares seven new rules for today's relationships:

Just because you’ve always done something one way doesn’t mean it’s the right way. Remember how much your life improved when you finally gave up super-low-rise jeans, dating only bad boys, and dial-up modems? Relationship experts say that ditching the following seven love rules can be just as liberating — maybe more.
Old rule: Don’t be a jealous girlfriend
“A lot of women think they’ll seem neurotic and needy if they act jealously,” says Susan Piver, author of “How Not to Be Afraid of Your Own Life.” So when, say, a chick flirts with their man, many women may decide just to grit their teeth and play it cool to prove how secure they are.
New rule: Act a little territorial
A couldn’t-care-less act can backfire, because “a total absence of jealousy  can be seen by your guy as a sign that you aren’t invested in the relationship,” says David Buss, Ph.D., author of “The Dangerous Passion.” No, you can’t go all “Fatal Attraction” every time he comes into contact with another woman, but it is OK to casually point out specific things that irk you — like when a friend flirts with him or he repeatedly brings up a female co-worker you distrust.
Just keep the comments directed at the chick’s behavior so you don’t seem like you’re trying to control him. Examples: “I don’t like the way she was hanging all over you” or “Could she show any more cleavage?” Revealing your inner green demon — in moderation — is flattering because it lets him know that the threat of losing him disturbs you and it demonstrates a genuine desire to protect your bond.
Old rule: Never go to bed angry
You’re trained to talk, talk, talk it out when there’s tension in the air because you want a resolution.
New rule: Sleep on a problem
Heat-of-the-moment discussions can spiral out of control quickly. “When you force an issue, you blab without having thought out what you need to say, which increases the chance that you’ll both blurt out things you’ll regret later,” says Piver. And that’s doubly true if you’re tired. Sleeping on it first allows you to sort out what points are truly important. It also lets you decompress so that you’ll be calmer and more rational when you make your case. Just say, “I’m irritated and need time away.” It can be smart to acquiesce if he’s asking for a recess, too. Instead of insisting that you hash it out at that moment, schedule a time to readdress the issue. Saying “Let’s talk about this tomorrow after work” makes it clear that you intend to revisit the conversation ... and that he’s not off the hook.
“Most arguments lose their bite if you take some time out to think them through,” says Piver. “The next day, you’ll be able to talk about it without so much anger. And you fight, and move on without discussing it to death.”
Old rule: Crushing on other guys is cheating lite
Unlike men, who feel free to ogle away at chicks without the slightest sense of remorse, women have a tendency to overthink a fleeting flirtation or lusty attraction to other men. “Some women worry that they’re betraying their boyfriends or that it’s a sign that something is wrong in their relationship,” says Cleveland clinical psychologist Joseph Rock, Psy.D. The end result is that you get all the guilt of an illicit affair without any of the fun.
New rule: An innocent fantasy can fuel your love life
The juiced-up feeling you get from a clandestine crush can be good for your existing twosome. The reason? You start to feel like that foxy, flirtatious single girl you used to be (the one your man found so irresistibly hot), and he reaps the benefits of your reawakened excitement.
Look, sexual chemistry with other people is normal, and feeling guilty about a crush is an exercise in futility. Says Rock: “Just because you are attracted to someone else — even if you’re fantasizing about him — doesn’t mean you’re going to act on it.” As long as you don’t cross the line and turn your fantasy into reality, it’s OK to stop censoring your lusty thoughts and start enjoying them.

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Old rule: Always try to wow him in the sack
Since you’re a hot “Cosmo” girl, you likely spend a lot of time cooking up ways to blow your guy’s mind between the sheets, which, to be clear, is a very good thing. The danger begins if you focus on pleasing him to the point where you don’t get your own O-zone needs met. “Women sometimes have a hard time articulating what they want, particularly in bed,” says Rock. “They tend to be too selfless because they’re more comfortable giving to their partner than taking from him.”
New rule: Be selfish between the sheets
Men pride themselves on being able to get you off, so even though it seems like a giving nature would provide him with the ultimate gratification, you’ll actually erode his sexual ego over time if he thinks your toes aren’t curling, too. “If you’re not satisfied, you both end up unhappy,” says Rock. The solution is easy, even if you’re too shy to say outright what you like: Use moans to let him know what turns you on or just demonstrate where and how you want to be touched.
Old rule: You have to share all the same interests
Some couples mistakenly think that being on the same page — and being close — means taking an active interest in all of each other’s pastimes.
New rule: Solo time boosts your bond
If you love snowboarding and so does, he, great. Bur forcing yourself to participate in his random hobbies dilutes your interactions. You get bored and ask him lots of questions, and he feels uncomfortable because he knows you’re not really interested. Conversely, pressuring him to take part in your extracurriculars will just make him resentful.

Nonstop couple time creates a dynamic that’s more ball-and-chain than boyfriend-girlfriend. Plus, you’re simply more interesting to each other if you’re able to share separate experiences. “When you pursue your own interests, you appreciate the things you do as a couple more,” says Susan Campbell, Ph.D., author of “Saying What’s Real.” Old rule: Don’t fall all over him
You think he’ll gag if you throw your arms around his neck and tell him every little thing you love about him. Besides, you’ve been together long enough that he knows how you feel … or think.
New rule: Give in to your mushy side
One of the side effects of being nuts about a guy is the occasional overwhelming urge to lavish him with affection and act like, you know, a girl. Don’t hold back! Show him how much he rocks your world. “A guy needs and wants to be reminded again and again why you love him,” says couples therapist Jamie Turndorf, Ph.D., author of “Till Death Do Us Part (Unless I Kill You First).” Men might not admit that they’re into the romance stuff, but that difference is actually part of your allure in the first place. Give up on gushing and he may miss seeing that feminine trait.
Though you want to reaffirm your affection for him, don’t go too far overboard. The kind of things he’ll dig: Kiss his face all over, start lots of sentences with “I love it when you …,” or call him the pet name you gave him when you first started dating. Tell him he’s the barbecue/hard drive-debugger/bed-making master when he does something for you, or pine away for the things he does best when he’s not around (“I wish you were here to rub my back”).
Even if the comment seems minor, “the extra dose of loving is what keeps the feelings you have for each other stoked,” says Turndorf.
Old rule: Act like Miss Independent By insisting on carrying the heavy suitcase, fixing your own cable box, and opening every jar of pickles, you’re proving what a strong, modern woman you are, right? Well …
New rule: Let him be your Superman “Men are certainly attracted to independent women, but if you’re completely self-sufficient, they feel kind of useless,” says Rock. Obviously, if it’s a task that’s faster and easier for you to do yourself, you should go for it. But give him the ego boost of letting him do the things he’s particularly good at, whether it’s making his killer mushroom risotto, lugging your groceries upstairs with that much-vaunted male upper-body strength, or just driving in the snow.
“Men need to be protectors and providers, and they’re action-oriented,” says Turndorf. “Doing things for you is how he expresses his love.” So let him, already!

Prachi Desai

Payal Ghos South Actress

Aksha South Actress ..

IMPORTANT EVENTS OF WORLD WAR II

1942
FEB.15 Capture of Singapore by the Japan forces.
Formation of Indian National Army by Subhash chandra Bose.
MAY.3 Battle of Coral Sea, Japanese fleet suffered heavy losses at the hands of the U.S. fleet.
AUG.25 Battle of Solomons. Bi naval and air battle of Solomon Islands.
SEPT.19 Battle of Stalingrad.

IMPORTANT EVENTS OF WORLD WAR II

1940
JUNE.5 Germany Invaded France.
JUNE.11 Declaration of war by Italy against Britain and France.
JUNE.14 Surrender of France.
AUG.24 TO SEPT.15 Battle of London (aerial attacks on Lindon were intensified)

1941
JUNE.22 Germany invaded Russia.
AUG.14 Framing of the Atlantic Charter.
DEC.7 Japan attacked pearl Harbour (Hawaii Islands.)
DEC.8 Declaration of war by America and England against Japan.
DEC.10 War declared by china on Germany, Italy and Japan.
DEC.22 Air raids by Japan on Rangoon.

IMPORTANT EVENTS OF WORLD WAR II

 1939
SEP. 1  Germany invaded poland; Outbreak of world war II
SEP. 3  Britain and France declared war against Germany. Italy annexed Albania.

WORLD WAR 2nd (1939-45)

Causes:(1) By the Treaty of Versailles which ended World War Germany was not only dismembered , disarmed but also humiliated , and very exacting conditions were imposed upon her
(2) There was strong feeling of deep social discontentment in Germany and Italy after the War .
(3) The rise of the Nationalist movement in Germany and Italy : and the growing power of the Nazis under Hitler and the of the Fascists under Mussolini seriously Upset the balance of power in Europe.
(4) The colonial and commercial rivalry between England and France on one side. Germany and Italy on the other brought them into conflict with each other.
(5) Germany had become very aggressive, she annexed the Saar Valley , occupied Rhineland and Austria: captured Czechoslovakia. etc..
The immediate causes were that Germany gave an ultimatum to poland regarding (i) surrender of the port of Danzing. (ii) the right of establishing rail link between Germany and East Prussia, through the Polosh Corridor. These two demands were rejected by polamd, so germany invaded poland on 1st September ,1939,Britain and France as they were under treaty obligations to aid poland, declared war against Germany on 3rd September,1939 Germany , Italy and japan. called the Axis Powers, fought on one side: U.K ,U.S.S.R,France.U.S.A Benelux countries, etc. called the allies. fought on the other. it ended on  14th August, 1945

WORLD WAR 1 st (1914-18)

Causes:(1) Germany had become a great industrial country and wanted to have more markets for trade .       (2) Germany was jealous of the colonial and naval greatness of England. William II.Kaiser of Germany , was very ambitious and wanted to gain influence in turkey by linking Berlin with Baghdad by a railway line. This gave rise to great rivalry between England and Germany.
(3) The immediate cause of the war: the murder of Archduke Ferdinand (the heir to the throne of the Government of Serbia responsible for the murder and ultimately attacked Serbia.
Parties: Germany, Austria, Hungary , Turkey and Bulgaria were on one side and were called Central Powers. England, France, Serbia, Belgium, Japan , Russia were on the other side, and were called the allies.Italy in 1915 and the U.S.A in 1917 joined the Allies against the Central Powers.
The war started on the 4rh August, 1914 and ended on 11th November, 1918. 

Climate Change - Health and Environmental Effects

Polar Regions

Polar regions include the Arctic in the Northern Hemisphere and Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere. The Arctic encompasses a large, mostly frozen ocean surrounded by land, is home to almost four million people (ACIA, 2004), and includes some or all of the territories of eight nations, including the United States. By contrast, Antarctica is an ice-covered continent surrounded by ocean and is generally uninhabited.
The Arctic is expected to experience the greatest rates of warming compared with other world regions (IPCC, 2007a). In part, this is because ice has greater reflectivity (also known as albedo) than the ocean or land. Melting of highly reflective snow and ice reveals darker land and ocean surfaces, increasing absorption of the sun's heat and further warming the planet, especially in those regions. There is evidence that climate change is already having observable impacts in the Arctic and in Antarctica. Many of these observed changes are consistent with the expected effects of climate change under a range of climate scenarios.

Effects on the Climate System

• Average temperatures in the Arctic have risen at almost twice the rate as temperatures in the rest of the world over the past few decades.
• Widespread melting of glaciers and sea ice and rising permafrost temperatures present additional evidence of strong Arctic warming (see Figure 1).
• The above trends are expected to continue during this century, resulting from ongoing increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (though greenhouse gases do not primarily originate from the Arctic).
• Melting of Arctic glaciers is a contributing factor to sea-level rise around the world.
• Warming is very likely to alter the release and uptake of greenhouse gases from soils, vegetation, and coastal oceans.
• Ocean acidification will adversely affect marine calcifiers by making it more difficult for these organisms to form protective shells
• Reduction in sea ice is very likely to have devastating consequences for polar bears, ice-dependent seals, and local people for whom these animals are a primary food source.

Effects on Biological and Human Systems

• Arctic impacts will have implications for biodiversity around the world because migratory species depend on breeding and feeding grounds in the Arctic.
• Reduced sea ice is likely to increase marine access to the region’s resources, expanding opportunities for shipping and possibly for offshore oil extraction (although operations could be hampered initially by increasing movement of sea ice in some areas).
• As frozen ground thaws, many existing buildings, roads, pipelines, airports, and industrial facilities are likely to be destabilized.
• Increased areas of tree growth in the Arctic could serve to take up carbon dioxide (CO2, the principal greenhouse gas emitted by human activities) and supply more wood products and related employment, providing local and global benefits. However, tree growth would mean absorption of additional sunlight (as the land surface would become darker and less reflective) and add to regional warming.
• Climate change is taking place within the context of many other ongoing changes in the Arctic, including observed increases in chemical contaminants entering the Arctic from other regions, overfishing, land use changes that result in habitat destruction and fragmentation, rapid growth in the human population, and cultural, governance and economic changes.

The conclusions of the ACIA report are further supported by evidence from remote sensing technologies. Satellites and U.S. and British Navy submarines have provided data on retreating Arctic sea ice and decreasing Arctic ice thickness. Satellite data show that the extent of Arctic sea ice has decreased by about three percent per decade. Figure 2 below shows trends in Arctic sea ice extent since the 1860s.

Upward-looking sonar data from U.S. Navy submarines between 1987 and 1997 show it is very likely that average ice thickness in the Arctic has decreased by up to 1 meter (IPCC, 2007a).
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007a and 2007b) supports and extends the ACIA’s conclusions with additional evidence. The IPCC notes that “the resilience shown historically by Arctic Indigenous Peoples is now being severely tested,” with impacts on food availability and personal safety that are changing hunting and traveling practices. Community infrastructures will be harmed by the warming and thawing of permafrost. A less severe climate may bring benefits as well, such as reduced heating costs, new agricultural and forestry opportunities, and more navigable northern sea routes, but such benefits will depend on local conditions.

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Antarctica

Like the Arctic in the Northern Hemisphere, Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere has been experiencing effects attributable to changes in regional climate. Future changes resulting from global climate change are also expected to be significant in this region of the world.
Over the past half-century, there has been a marked warming trend in the Antarctic Peninsula. Much of the rest of Antarctica has cooled during the last 30 years, due to ozone depletion and other factors, but this trend is likely to reverse. Surface waters of the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica have warmed and become less saline, and precipitation in this region has increased (IPCC, 2007a).
Antarctica has experienced significant retreat and collapse of ice shelves, the result of regional warming. The loss of these ice shelves has few direct impacts on sea level and global climate. Because the ice shelves were floating, their melting does not directly add to sea level rise. They usually are replaced by sea-ice cover, so overall albedo (reflectivity) changes very little (IPCC, 2007a).
Satellite observations show no significant change in Antarctic sea-ice extent over the 1973-2005 period. Analysis of whaling records and modeling studies provide some evidence for longer-term declines in sea ice extent in some regions, but there are not enough data to provide firm conclusions (IPCC, 2007a).
As climate change continues, most of the land-based Antarctic ice sheet is actually likely to thicken if projected warming increases snowfall. There is a small risk, however, that the West Antarctic ice sheet will retreat in coming centuries. This is because the West Antarctic ice sheet is moored in an oceanic basin, where slippery mud covers the basin floor. This unique setting makes the ice sheet potentially unstable (IPCC, 2007a).

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References